Advantage of Semester System Essay

1. The greatest advantage of this system is that it reduces the load on the studentsand Inculcates regular study habits. 2. Since academic year is divided into 2 semesters it provides upward mobility – the Student can clear the backlog in one or many subjects even after moving to the next semester. 3. Best part is that it enables the students to learn at their own pace. 4. Well if you compare it to an annual system, it keeps students busy all year round with the same level of burden instead of the piling up of work at the end of the year. 5. In semester system, Student all time attach with study. Studies which is good for the Students. 6. The main advantage of semester system. Student busy all the year. He know, If he Does not study, he will fail. >> Easy learning >> Attach with studies. >> Remain in class>> No absence. >> Grip on knowledge. >> Respect of teachers increases. >> Scheduled work plan. Disadvantage of Semester SystemAs a disadvantage of the Semester system, I would point out the lack of recovery that students can make due to limited time, in comparison to Annual systems. Time is too short in Semester system. Students don’t understand many chapters. Today the topic under discussion is the topic which is being frequently discussed by us since the Karnataka University introduced the semester scheme for the degree courses. I strongly believe that semester scheme is extremely beneficial for the students. It is a sign that we are marching towards the development because almost all the developed countries have adopted the semester scheme which means this system must be having some unique qualities which are favorable for the students. First of all, the semester based method makes teaching and learning more scientific. It is good for the students as the syllabus is broken up into units that are to be learnt in a specific time frame. Moreover, as testing and evaluation are done in a continuous manner student can be sure of a more realistic assessment of their academic capabilities than what is done in the annual scheme. The actual process of learning is also more methodical in this scheme. Each topic to be covered in the syllabus is allotted a learning time. The student learns not just by taking down notes during a lecture, but he has to do self study; visiting the library, browsing the net and preparing for seminars and presentations. This results in comprehensive learning of the topic at hand. Many British universities tried changing from the three terms per year system to the American semester system of two sessions per year, in the 1990’s. Some changed but found the system unworkable and returned to the original British system from 2002 onwards. It seems that there are difficulties with semesters, for British universities, and disadvantages for both universities and students. In Britain, changing over to the semester arrangement of the academic year was coupled with changing to modular degrees. Huddersfield University was the first university in Britain to change to the semester system, but returned to the three-term year in 2003. Glamorgan University also returned from two fifteen-week semesters to the traditional three-term year in 2003. Some British universities, including Kingston University (Surrey), have a hybrid semester system and modular degrees. They have a three-term year but teaching is divided into two semesters running from September to July. . The semester system has certain disadvantages both for universities and for students. Most Universities introduced the semester system to accommodate the modular degree and this was difficult for both academics and students. The two systems were introduced together, as part of the scheme to expand higher education. Modular systems work on a credit system, each module counting for credit towards the student’s final degree. University teaching and learning is very different in Britain, to some other countries. In Britain, students have responsibility for their own learning, and tutors and lecturers do not control or lead students to knowledge but rather suggest where they might look to find that knowledge. British undergraduates do much more self-directed and independent study and reading, than in other countries. Students are they expected to think things through and come to their own conclusions and then to explain those conclusions, backing their conclusions with logical reasoning based on the facts. Simply regurgitating the facts that you tutor has taught on the course will not earn a British university degree. Lecturers and tutors do not tell students how to learn, or think and university learning in Britain is more than being force fed facts. Hence, in the United Kingdom, a student reads for a degree. The semester and modular system, therefore, caused academics some problems. Academics felt that the modular/semester system meant that students were sitting too many examinations,simply to complete a module rather than as a necessary part of the learning process. For some subject areas, they also felt that modular learning encouraged compartmentalization of knowledge, rather than applying new knowledge to the subject as a whole, and that it discouraged lateral thinking. In other subject areas, they felt that the modular/semester system only allowed a surface knowledge of a particular topic area, whereas year-long study allowed both in-depth study and the necessary reflection and thinking that the subject requires.

Tule Lake Internment Camp

Tule Lake Internment Camp Introduction: For my concluding paper I researched and will discourse the Nipponese internment cantonment that was located in Tule lake California during World War 2. Tule lake War Relocation Center, one of 10 concentration cantonments constructed in 1942 by the United States authorities to imprison Nipponese Americans, forcibly removed from their places on the West Coast every bit good as other parts of the United States. The Tule lake internment cantonment totaled about 18700 people, two-thirds of whom were United States citizens. Executive Order 9066, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in early 1942 as a response to the onslaught on Pearl Harbor, authorized set uping an Exclusion Zone on the West Coast, from which local military governments could take certain populations under wartime exigency ( ‘Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp’ , n.d. ) . The first evacuees came from the Portland and Puyallup Assembly Centers to assist with the initial set up of the cantonment, and as the cantonment grew, more people arrived from Southwestern Oregon, Western Washington and the Sacramento country in California. The cantonment began being built in April and began to be occupied by May with the 1stof the Nipponese Americans held at the cantonment. The Nipponese American’s and their households had to pack up and travel into the internment cantonments with small of their properties. They were merely allowed two bags per individual, the older kids had to transport the properties of their younger siblings who were non strong plenty to transport their ain. This limited even more of what the households could convey with them to the cantonments. Being forced out of their communities and places the Japanese Americans lost what small ownerships they may hold acquired. When the war was over and they returned place to happen out they had los t everything and had to get down over reconstructing their lives. Housing Conditionss for the Nipponese Americans: The lodging conditions the Nipponese Americans were put into were hapless. The barracks that housed the internees were merely boarded up hovels with seams open to the environment. The edifices were built by the internees and have been documented to hold one built every 10 proceedingss to maintain up with the changeless inflow of geting Nipponese Americans. The barracks merely had a military fingerstall, heavy wool covers and a coal range for heat. The barracks had no pluming or running H2O for the internees. There was no furniture provided, any chairs or chest of drawerss were built by the internees from bit wood left over from the barracks. All of the internees had to wait in lines for showers and to utilize the bathrooms for hours at a clip. It was non any easier when it came to repasts, it was similar state of affairs for all in the cantonment. Most of the wooden edifices that were the masters have fallen down or hold decayed beyond fix. For the most portion you can see the wharfs or the concrete pes print were the edifices one time stood. The concrete edifice that was the stockade is still standing every bit good as some of the original waste intervention workss but it is besides get downing to crumple. The country is a beautiful country in the state with positions of the unfastened farming area with Mt. Shasta to the South. The beauty of the country was noted by the Japanese Americans upon reaching to the cantonment as stated by Hiroshi Kashiwagi, 2003, recalls beautiful skies that he wished he could take exposures of but cameras were non allowed in the cantonment ( ‘Tule Lake Internment – Segregation Center Videos |’ , 2003. ) . The entire country in which the cantonment was situated was 1.0 ten 1.5 stat mis in the Tule Lake part. The cantonments were broken down into subdivisions that housed 300 to 500 people in a subdivision. The edifices were 20? ten 25? suites were intended for seven, 20? ten 20? suites were for five and 20? tens 16? suites were for four. Not really large and at times more people were in the edifices due to holding a larger household. The subdivisions had their ain bathroom country and shower country for everyone to utilize. They besides had a cardinal cafeteria for everyone to eat at. As you can conceive of there was uninterrupted long lines for utilizing the bathrooms and being able to eat ( ‘Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp’ , n.d. ) . The first twelvemonth of the cantonments the bare castanetss barracks did non hold any insularity or Sheetrock to seal out the conditions conditions. In Tule Lake being that the country is Alpine Desert the summers can be hot and dry with blowing dust storms. The winters can be cold with big sums of blowing snow. The country is unfastened with no trees or hills to interrupt up the air current and conditions. This make the conditions tough and utmost at clip during the twelvemonth. After many months of complaining by the internees in the barracks the U.S. authorities decided to let the barracks to hold sheet stone on the walls to assist with the hapless conditions of the barracks. The roof every bit good as the floor were still left unfinished but the Nipponese Americans were happy to hold a small better conditions in the barracks. The subdivisions besides had their ain school houses for the kids who were at the cantonments. The instruction provided to the kids was basic and allowed them to non fall behind others who were non being detained by the U.S. authorities. In the internment cantonment at Tule Lake, the U.S. authorities every bit good as the local authorities took advantage of accomplishments of the Nipponese Americans being held at that place. The U.S. authorities set up builders, public-service corporation workers and its ain constabulary force overseen by the military but staffed with Nipponese Americans to make the work and supply services for the big cantonment that held 18700 Nipponese Americans. Working within the Camp: The Nipponese Americans would besides procure their ain meat and veggies for the cantonment every bit good as for others since the land around the Tule lake country was some of most fertile dirt in the U.S. The farm land within every bit good as the husbandmans around the cantonment who took advantage of the inexpensive labour grew a assortment of veggies that included boodle, Beta vulgariss, murphies, etc. The internment cantonment besides had a big pig farm, dairy and poulet spread within the cantonment. The Nipponese detainees would work the Fieldss and pig farms, dairy and poulet spread. There was besides a processing works for the pigs where the meat was processed for the internees. The figure of Nipponese Americans employed at the cantonment included 800 undertaking farm work ; 500 building ; 400 care work forces which includes janitor and refuse disposers ; 800 repositing and other transit ; 350 cooks and cooks ‘ assistants ; and 410 wardens, firemen, and other Civic wor kers ; and at least 100 infirmary employees, a sum of 3,360 were employed out of about 13000-18700 people. As mentioned above the Japanese Americans in the cantonment held places within the cantonment and were overseen by military every bit good as local governments in Tule Lake. The work forces and adult females would work assorted places as builders, public-service corporation worker, labours, Masons, meat processors, cooks and anyplace else needed to maintain the little metropolis running every bit smooth as possible. The workers there were paid a pay that was far less than their white counter parts who besides worked in the cantonment and environing country of Tule lake. There was a little general shop in the cantonment known as the â€Å"canteen† that toilet articless and other necessities could be bought by the internees. If they had any excess money some newspapers as magazines could be purchased but most of clip no 1 could afford to purchase them. The Nipponese Americans were allowed to order vesture from Sears’s catalogs every bit good as from Woolworths and other c atalog shops. In the cantonment the internees the professionals received $ 19 a month. Average workers were paid $ 16 and labourers toiled for $ 12 a month. For the white professionals working in the cantonment such as physicians and sawboness were having $ 400 a month for the same work. This was capable that created animus within the cantonment since the internees had higher instruction degrees than the white professionals. The Nipponese Americans had no pick but to take the work or have no income at all. This type of intervention did non settle good with the internees ( ‘Tule Lake Internment – Segregation Center Videos |’ , n.d. ) . Meals provided at the Tule lake cantonment: The repasts provided to the internees was the really basic necessities for them to last. A sample of a bill of fare in the cantonment: Monday: Delta Breakfast: stewed dried fruit, farina with hot milk, French toast with sirup, chocolate, milk. Delta Lunch: baked macaroni and cheese, steamed rice, tsukemono ( pickled veggies ) , boiled fresh veggies, boodle salad, orange, staff of life, tea. Delta Dinner:fresh fried fish, boiled maize, steamed rice, pickled fresh Beta vulgariss, butterscotch sweet. Tuesday: Delta Breakfast:half Citrus paradisi, rolled oats with milk, hot bars with sirup, chocolate, java, and milk. Delta Lunch: boiled beef-spanish manner, steamed rice, tsukemono, boodle salad, apple tea. Delta Dinner: beef sukiyaki ( a kind of Nipponese chop suey ) , steamed rice, tsukemono, murphy salad, spice bar, tea. Wednesday: Delta Breakfast: stewed dried fruit, dry cereal with milk, French toast with sirup, java, tea, and milk. Delta Lunch: Boston baked beans, boiled fresh veggies, steamed rice, tsukemono, boodle salad, orange, staff of life, and tea. Delta Dinner: fried fresh fish, steamed rice, tsukemono, cole slaw, fruit Jell-O, tea ( ‘Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp’ , n.d. ) . If a household had income from working they could travel to the canteen and purchase other nutrient to take back to the barracks. The nutrient they could buy was bacon, eggs, pancake mix and other meats to cook on a hot home base or on the warming range in their barracks. This was non the instance for most households since merely 45-65 % of the Nipponese Americans had employment in the cantonment. This was difficult for the little kids as they were able to smell the nutrient and would inquire their parents why they could non hold the same thing. Their parents would hold to explicate to them they could non afford to purchase those points form the canteen. It was hard for the parents and kids who could non afford to eat anything other than the repasts that were prepared in the muss hall on a day-to-day footing. The repasts many households had been accustom to before being detained were a distant memory for all of the internees. Decision: Researching and watching pictures from early 2000’s of a few of the internees when they were invited to revisit the cantonment and have their narratives documented was saddening to watch for me. I was amazed that the Nipponese Americans would even desire to return to a topographic point they were held confined against their will for 4+ old ages as kids. Many of them had lost everything they had acquired before being detained. Visiting the site for myself I could see the beauty that surrounded them that Jimi Yamaichi has described. Though being in a unfavourable state of affairs at the cantonment due to high unemployment and hapless life conditions Jimi Yamaichi still had a smiling as radius non severely of how he was treated but about thankful to hold survived and was able to do the most of bad state of affairs that our U.S. authorities handed to the Nipponese Americans during World War 2. Work Cited: Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved 3 June 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/exhibits/ww2/threat/internment.htm Tule Lake Internment – Segregation Center Videos | . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved 31 May 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //tule-lake.com/internment/

Requisition and Distribution Flow in the Army

REQUISITION AND DISTRIBUTION FLOW STAMIS STandard Army Management Information System SARSS —Standard Army Retail Supply System PBUSE —Property Book Unit Supply Enhanced SAMS-E —Standard Army Maintenance System-Enhanced ULLS-A —Unit Level Logistics System-Aviation SAAS —Standard Army Ammunition System SARRSS Standard Army Retail Supply System (SARSS) * A Combat Service Support peacetime and wartime logistics system. * Used for the following classes of supply * Class II * Class III(P) * Class IV * Class VII * Class IX SARSS * Action: You go to the Company Supply Sergeant for help. He tells you the item is a Class II item, and he inputs the requisition into PBUSE (Property Book Unit Supply Enhanced) * PBUSE sends the request to the SARSS-1, which is located in the Distribution Company, BSB * SARSS-1 looks at its inventory. * If item is on hand—Material Release Order * If not on hand, SARSS-1 queries other local SARSS-1 * If not locally available , requisition is passed up to SARSS 2AC/B * SARSS 2AC/B passes to SARSS-Gateway. * SARSS-Gateway passes to Source of Supply (Industry/Army Depot) LOGISTIC PACKAGE OPERATIONSThe LOGPAC technique is a simple, efficient, and most preferred way to accomplish routine replenishment operations LOGPACs are organized in the combined arms battalion support area (CABSA) by the company supply sergeant’s under the supervision of the FSC commander and the distribution platoon leader * Organized for each company/separate element in the battalion * Under the control of the FSC distribution platoon leader * A properly configured LOGPAC contains all the supplies needed to sustain a unit for a specified amount of time.LOGPACs normally occur every 24 hours, but can be changed based on mission or the current situation. * LOGPACs contain: Class I, II, III, and V as well as mail and replacement personnel * After the LOGPAC is configured, it moves forward as a march unit to a Logistics Release Point (LRP). Receiving unit representatives link-up with the LOGPAC at the LRP to conduct the resupply. LRPs are generally established by the Maneuver Battalion S-3. The primary delivery techniques used to deliver LOGPACs to customer units are: * Service Station Tailgate * The delivery time of LOGPACs is based on Pulse Operations. PULSE OPERATIONS Pulse Operations are preplanned pauses in battle rhythm that allow combat forces to replenish routinely, conduct movement of a force from the decisive operation zone to mission staging operation and redeployment to the decisive operation zone. Examples: * Combat Replenishment Operation (CRO) * Sustainment Replenishment Operation (SRO) Mission Staging Operation (MSO

Read article and write answers questions Coursework

Read article and write answers questions - Coursework Example The wage increase will be larger in the long run. Absorption of foreign labour into the work force is likely to cause a decline in average wages in the short run because most of the new immigrants laborers will be paid less than the domestic workers, however, this decline will only be temporary. Wages would rise greatly in the long run because businesses will begin investing to take advantage of the increased labour force. Increased immigration results in an influx of new laborers with a wide range of skills thus promoting specialization. Highly skilled immigrant laborers would generate more productive innovations thus expanding the productivity. Highly skilled and unskilled American workers are likely to gain the least from immigration because they will face stiff competition from their respective new immigrants. In addition, their relative income would decline by 0.3% because they are easily replaced by new

Treadway Tire Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Treadway Tire Company - Essay Example Out of the three types of line foremen, the externally hired foremen is the most wandering one with no or insufficient training provided to them and due to lack of knowledge about the work they get no respect from the workers, hence a 75% turnover rate is observed. The line foremen are commanders with an ambitious mission and an army that has no or less regard for him. Any lapse on the part of the production, maintenance, quality assurance or from workers is attributed to the performance of line foremen with no say in the grievance process in order to discipline the worker. An inevitable direct cost is incurred in form of paid vacancy advertisements, payments made to the headhunters or recruitment agencies, lengthy testing process (FLT), medical checkups and in case of termination a pay in lieu of notice. Conscious efforts should be made by the organization to reduce the turnover rate and devise programs that retain employees for longer periods. Hiring a person without incurring costs on recruitment channels or without an aptitude test may result in a wrong hire results in further de-motivation and loses (Blake, 2006). The cost of hiring a new incumbent, getting him on board and hands-on with the company processes and production cycle is usually two to three times than retaining the old or leaving employee (Heathfield, 2012). Interviewers leave their core jobs to assess the candidate, the number of hours spent by human resources department on the recruitment process, training and induction costs along with administrative costs such as new uniforms, ID cards and other company property issued to the employee.  

IPO underpricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IPO underpricing - Essay Example Many companies have a tendency of having underpriced IPOs so that potential investors can be attracted into them. Investors find it easier to influence the shares’ price with low offering price as their intention is to obtain the windfall gain in the period of issuing. Low-priced shares generally have a lot of capacity for share increase of price on the basis of market demand forces. As a result, low offering price signifies considerable share underpricing. IPO underpricing has been explained with the offering size of a company for a long time, which is consistent with the ex ante uncertainty theory. This concept reflects in the works of Beatty and Ritter (1986) as well as in McGuinness (1992). Tu and TSE (2006), in their analysis of the Chinese A-share market, state the size of offering as a critical determinant of the IPO underpricing. A company’s offering size is calculated through multiplication of the offer price with the offered number of shares. The equation for this is, size of offering = number of offered shares x price of offering. There is a perception that companies having bigger offerings’ size have superior management and control and are more mature as compared to the companies having smaller offering magnitudes. Bigger companies derive their tendency to underprice their shares from the fact that their information flow is relatively better than that of the smaller companies, that are more influenced by the a symmetry of information. Data used in this project was retrieved from the official website of Shanghai Stock Exchange (available at http://www.sse.com.cn) and also from the GTA Database. Like discussed before, there are five groups of shares in the Chinese stock market. However, it is just the A-share stocks that are completely quoted in Yuan. Many companies have a preference for being included in the Shanghai Stock Exchange instead of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in spite of

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Operations Management - Essay Example Operations management is defined by Metters and Maruacheck (2007, p. 210) as the conversion of inputs into outputs, using physical resources in order to provide the desired utility of place, form, state or possession or a combination to the customer while still fulfilling the other organizational goals of efficiency, effectiveness and adaptability. Pilkington, and Meredith (2009, p. 190) further explain that operations management is basically concerned with conversion of inputs using physical resources. Nigel, Chambers and Johnston (2010, p. 3) defined operations management as a process of planning, organizing, controlling and directing the activities of the production function. Pilkington, and Meredith (2009, p. 190) argued that operations management is different from other functions of management such as personnel and marketing. He argued that there are several situations that marketing, personnel or other functions can be classified as operations. He holds that when other managers are involved in the physical distribution of products and services to customers, collection of marketing information or are involved in actual recruitment process qualifies them to be classified under operations management. The exclusion of marketing, human resource and other organization functions from the being classified as operations management is disputed by (Introduction to Operations Management) who offers a definition of operations.

Literature Review Are Wound Vacuum Devices Healing Wounds Essay

Literature Review Are Wound Vacuum Devices Healing Wounds - Essay Example VAC was even compared with the traditional WM dressing method and proved to heal better. This only proves that VAC is indeed a promising and faster way to heal wounds. The main purpose of this research is to look through the new way of wound healing. In the United States, over 2.8 million patients have chronic wounds and treatments cost billions of dollars per year. Wound healing is a complex process which starts with removal of debris, control of infection, clearance of inflammation, angiogenesis, deposition of granulation tissue, contraction, remodeling of the connective tissue matrix and maturation. This sequence of events should be undergone by the wound for proper healing whilst if it fails to undergo these events, a chronic open wound without anatomical or functional integrity results (Joseph, 2008). Chronic wounds should be healed at a faster rate in order to decrease hospitalization days and thereby reduce costs. A product which delivers improved healing process could help in decreasing infection, amputation and length of hospital stay thus entails potential annual savings for healthcare cost. The introduction of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) which utilizes subatmospheric technique may be the answer in this medical challenge. In VAC, placing an open-cell foam dressing is involved. It is placed into the wound cavity and controlled subatmospheric pressure is applied. The technique was observed to remove chronic edema which increases local blood flow and enhanced formation of granulation tissue (Joseph, 2008). VAC applies negative pressure to wounds hence fluid is removed and growth of granulation tissue is stimulated. Acute, subacute and chronic wounds may be applied with VAC. Argenta, et al. have previously described the use of the VAC device to enhance healing and promote closure of a variety of open wounds FDA cleared VAC for clinical use. Frequent dressing changes which required when using WM, could be lessen by using VAC which requires dressing changes only every 48 hours (Joseph, 2008). Review of the Literature Senchenkov et al. (2007) conducted a study on the use of vacuum assisted closure (VAC) dressing for irradiated wounds. This study aimed to examine the outcomes of split-thickness skin grafts (STSG) secured by VAC during the early part of the postoperative period. Reviews were done on the records of 17 preoperatively radiated patients with extremity sarcomas that was reconstructed with STSGs combined with VAC to assess the efficiency of VAC in this purpose. Through January 1997 and December 2005, there have been 19 patients identified to base on their records to have undergone STSG reconstruction of irradiated extremity defects with VAC. These patients had soft tissue sarcomas. External beam radiation was used to treat the tumor bed and added with intraoperative radiation or brachytherapy. This was done before skin was grafted. Two of these patients however were excluded in the study because one had necrosis of the underlying irradiate muscle flaps while the other had 40% skin graft placed with epidermis which faced the recipients bed. This left 17 patients (9 men and 8 women, age 42 to 82, mean 65) to be

The ebonics Dialect Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The ebonics Dialect - Research Paper Example language has a natural growth trajectory is wrong, but that rather, the way language grows is controlled by humans as opposed to language growing on its own. As Wilson (89) says, the way people attach certain meanings to various words and phrases is what gives language meaning. Orwell is likely to have a different view of the usage of the N word from Wallace. First, it is important to understand that the N word has evolved over the last few decades. From the derogatory word Negro, the ebonic word Nigga has been derived, especially among the African American community. Unlike the derogatory nature of the word from which the Nigga is used, the word Nigga is used as a word of respect in among the African American community. Orwell would agree with this kind of language shift and may be appreciate the fact that this kind of development is necessary for the growth of language. However, a person like Wallace would have reservation against the use of this word and see this as a negative change from the requirements of language. Wallace admits to being a language nerd, the kind who looks to make sure that every rule has been observed. In this regard, he would most likely object to the N word, either in the form of Nigga, or Negro. This is because the word Nigga could be seen by a grammar expert as an informal word while Negro is seen as offensive and derogatory (Ernest 145). As a result, for a person like Wallace, he would probably have a problem with the use of this world. Orwell on the other hand seems to have a different view of the rules of language. He argues that the way people modify language leads to the way language plays out in politics, and then the political affects the way people modify language. In this regard, he is most likely to appreciate the fact that language grows in such ways that maintain archaic rules of grammar may neither be necessary nor feasible. As an English teacher, Curzan talks about teaching grammar and grammar rules. She starts her

Environmental Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental Management - Essay Example We all know facts: and many of us even try to struggle for our goals, to "make this world a better place", as my beloved idol Michael Jackson used to sing. We receive daily newsletters from various organisations that are - or pretend to be - actively involved in fixing the environmental issues generated by their activities, and often, these organisations even create media campaigns destined to show that they are keenly interested in combating pollution. They claim that they doing their best. They often support these claims by issuing statements, figures, tables, calculations and press releases. They have hired experts especially trained to show an immaculate image, and often they prefer to invest massive sums in huge advertising campaigns, instead of investing in research destined to develop proper solutions for the preservation of our heritage: the natural resources and the balance of the environment. A huge step ahead was made by authorities when they started introducing environmental management standards and regulations - created as objective rules that keep pollution under control. Moreover, we have to notice that authorities tend to be stricter than ever before regarding the eco standards imposed to companies. There are a wide series of standards that must be fulfilled, so that auditors would grant their approval for your activity. ISO 14,001 is the certificate one aims for - and you must be certain to know your ways around in order to achieve it! And ISO 14004 is the one to focus on environment management systems, first of all. ISO 14,001 is downloadable and purchasable on the website standardsdirect.org. There one may find plenty of information regarding the standards that refer to environmental management systems, auditing, performance evaluation, labelling, life-cycle assessment and environmental aspects in product standards. Therefore, it is everyone's interest to become competitive on the international market by assuming these regulations and standards. As I have previously mentioned, most organizations have adopted strategies that show their constant and permanent interest in the environment, strategies that serve a double purpose: first of all, create an immaculate and environment-friendly image to the company, and second, encourage the customer to trust the mentioned company. Unfortunately, the world we live in pays a lot more respect to image, and sometimes fails to focus on the essence. Advertising was created as a tool for fooling the ordinary man; and we all were fooled at least once or twice. And some of us never manage to realise that we are misinformed. A fact we should all keep in mind is that the transparency of the information shared by various organizations and companies is less than satisfactory - as it is always an option to avoid the additional expenses generated by the development of environment friendly techniques. And another unfortunate fact is that, in many countries that were heavily hit by the recent recession, auditors tend to be less then exigent, and authorities are more indulgent, as everyone has a common purpose: to sell the goodies and cash their share. The industry I would like to refer to in this paper is the leather and fur industry of Eastern Asia. I have chosen this subject because it impressed me,

Medical Mentoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical Mentoring - Essay Example Since there is a rarity of women in several elite fields in medicine, which reduces their chances of getting mentorship or sponsorship in these sub-fields, women are rarely inducted into these fields. Most female medical students have wondered whether there are women in some fields of medicine for them to contact. In addition, there was also a feeling that female medical students could mentor undergraduate female students; especially the undergraduate students interested in science, but short on ideas and encouragement (DeLaat, 2007). However, the issue of what mentors would get out of mentoring female students came up, to which the contended that hospitals and institutions must recognize how important mentorship is, especially as the unequivocal support from senior management or organizational leaders for the concept of sponsorship and mentoring. This will encourage mentors to consider a serious mentorship, while allowing the professional time to support the programs (DeLaat, 2007). From this case study, it is clear that gender has a major role to play when it comes to the expectations of female students with regards to mentoring, while also having an influence on their career planning. Optimal relationships in sponsorship and mentoring are relational, while relational mentorship is more crucial compared to gender concordance (Humphrey, 2010). In addition, power dynamics, which are gender-based, have a greater influence on the thinking of students concerning mentoring. Stereotypes and assumptions based on gender also have a significant effect on sponsorship and mentoring relationships. Successful relationships in mentoring can only occur when the mentors in the faculty, whether female or male, attempt to take the time required to know the students on a personal level, as well as to know the students from a career point of view. From the case study, it seems that the female medical students and physicians have gender expectations that they will relate better to female mentors, who will also be more supportive compared to male mentors. This could be because male mentors are more content focused, direct, and less comfortable when discussing with female students on work-life balance (Humphrey, 2010). From the case study, it also seems that those attending the seminar believe that the gender of the mentee will affect the advice that they are given with regards to choices of career. The students may also wish to go beyond stereotypes of gender when interacting with the mentors (Humphrey, 2010). A perception exists where the gender of female students may potentially hinder their sponsorship opportunities and networking, as well as the perception that mentors of the female gender are not in a position to provide the access female students require to vital networks. However, while the case study does not provide enough evidence whether this is the case, it is clear that there is a need for more female mentors with experience, as well as for women holding powerful positions in medicine, particularly in fields that are dominated by women. While the case study was mainly focused on female students in medical school, the mentee and the

Mintzberg’s 10 Managerial Roles Essay Example for Free

Mintzberg’s 10 Managerial Roles Essay This chart summarizes a manager’s ten roles: | | |Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles | | | | | | |Category |Role |Activity |Examples | | | | | | |Informational |Monitor |Seek and acquire work-related |Scan/read trade press,   periodicals, | | | |information |reports; attend seminars and | | | | |training; maintain personal contacts | |   | | | | | |Disseminator |Communicate/ disseminate information |Send memos and reports; inform staffers and | | | |to others within the organization |subordinates of decisions | |   | | | | | |Spokesperson |Communicate/transmit information to |Pass on memos, reports and informational | | | |outsiders |materials; participate in | | | | |conferences/meetings and report progress | |   |   |   |   | | | | | | |Interpersonal |Figurehead |Perform social and legal duties, act |Greet visitors, sign legal documents, attend| | | |as symbolic leader |ribbon cutting ceremonies, | | | | |host receptions, etc. | |   | | | | | |Leader |Direct and motivate subordinates, |Includes almost all interactions with | | | |select and train employees |subordinates | |   | | | | | |Liaison |Establish and maintain contacts within|Business correspondence, participation in | | | |and outside the organization |meetings with representatives | | | | |of other divisions or organizations.   | |   |   |   |   | | | | | | |Decisional |Entrepreneur |Identify new ideas and initiate |Implement innovations; Plan for the future | | | |improvement projects | | |   | | | | | |Disturbance Handler |Deals with disputes or problems and |Settle conflicts between subordinates; | | | |takes corrective action |Choose strategic alternatives; | | | | |  Overcome crisis situations | |   | | | | | |Resource Allocator |Decide where to apply resources |Draft and approve of plans, schedules, | | | | |budgets; Set priorities | |   | | | | | |Negotiator |Defends business interests |Participates in and directs negotiations | | | | |within team, department, and organization | In the real world, these roles overlap and a manager must learn to balance them in order to manage effectively. While a manager’s work can be analyzed by these individual roles, in practice they are intermixed and interdependent. According to Mintzberg: â€Å"The manager who only communicates or only conceives never gets anything done, while the manager who only ‘does’ ends up doing it all alone.†

European Studies Essays Welfare State and the European Nations

European Studies Essays Welfare State and the European Nations Welfare State and the European Nations â€Å"The phrase ‘welfare state’ was first used in the late 1930s, to distinguish between the policies of the democracies and the war state of European dictators† (Spicker, 2003). From the late nineteenth century, features of a welfare state began emerge in parts of Western Europe. The first European country to put in place a welfare state was Germany in 1883. The then Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck introduced a mandatory national accident and sickness insurance law. The insurance was financed by state subsidy (Spicker). A welfare state is â€Å"a state where more than one half of all government expenditures are devoted to social policy, as opposed to the economy, the military, law and order, infrastructure and other traditional functions of the state† ( Spicker, 2003). Judt (2006) defines a welfare state as a state which is primarily concerned with dispensing welfare to its citizens. Such states spend the bigger proportion of their public expenditures on welfare. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers According to Gough (2006), welfare states in Europe were established during the Second World War. Their main purpose was to tackle the five evil giants that were facing most of Europe at that time. These evils included: Poverty: Because of the war, many people were sick, jobless or widowed hence were poor. Diseases: Despite many people being sick, they could not afford to seek treatment. Ignorance: At that time, school-leaving age was 11. Most children were forced to drop out of schools because they could not afford to pay fees. Squalor: Majority of the population lived in poor housing facilities (slums) because council houses were inadequate. Idleness: As a result of the war, most people lost their jobs and became unemployed. The welfare state was therefore established to ensure that children stayed in school; free medical treatment for all was introduced; new council houses were built and more towns established to provide better housing facilities to the slum dwellers and more industries were started to help reduce the unemployment rate. There are several objectives of a welfare state. Equitable distribution of wealth and resources: Welfare states used progressive method of tax collection whereby people with higher incomes paid more taxes and those with lower incomes paid less tax. This method of taxation helped in reallocation of public money and shifting of resources from the resource-rich regions to resource-poor regions. This was effective in achieving regional balance and in narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor (Spicker, 2003). Income and standard of living maintenance: People can temporarily or permanently be rendered incapable participating in the labor market. This can be due to old age, or sickness. This normally results in loss of income for themselves and their families. But in a welfare state, income maintenance was assured whether or not someone was working. This was normally â€Å"achieved through a variety of public insurance schemes,† (Judt, 2006). These included deductions from an employee’s salary, contributions made by the employers and the state. These deductions and contributions were deposited into an insurance fund from which individuals were entitled to certain benefits, depending on the level and the number of contributions made. These â€Å"insurance schemes covered unemployment, sick pay and old age pensions,† (Gough, 2006). Helping the disadvantaged groups: welfare states started programs to assist those groups that were considered worse-off than others. Gough (2006) says that: For instance, European countries have taken specific measures to combat rural poverty; support families with children; provide for re-training and early retirement in industrial problem regions; assist especially those with structural employment problem (the long-term and older unemployed; youth unemployment). Provision of a public safety net was another objective of welfare states. Welfare States ensured that each individual enjoyed â€Å"a minimal level of decent human existence if no other resources are available,† (Gough, 2006). In the pre-industrial era provision for such individuals was mainly done by â€Å"local charities, communities, nobleness oblige, and the churches †¦ on a much smaller scale† (Gough). Most Welfare States used their welfare policy as a form of economic governance. According to Gough (2006), â€Å"the economies of continental Europe, often called organized market economies, are characterized by a more pronounced role for the government in the economy †¦.† Unlike in other states, the different economic sectors were usually in harmony rather than in competition with each other. This contributed to the overall economic organization and stability, and is the reason why such economies were often labeled ‘organized market economies.’ Welfare states put up policies aimed at poverty eradication. Such programs included Medicaid and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). However, such programs were not popular among the majority of the population because they only served the marginalized people who comprised a smaller proportion of the population. The creation and development of the welfare state followed different patterns in each of the European countries. The men behind the European welfare state shared Keynes’s view which he voiced before his death in 1946. Keynes said that â€Å"after the World War II, there would be a craving for social and personal security in Europe. And there was. The welfare state was constructed primarily as a security revolution rather than a social revolution,† (Judt, 2006) The German welfare system was based on the three main principles. The first one was â€Å"subsidiarity.† This principle holds that â€Å"services should be decentralized or independently managed† (Spicker, 2003). The role of the state was limited only to areas which could not be covered by other means like military services. In Germany, high income earners were not covered by the main social insurance system; they were left to make their own decisions. Economic development was another principle surrounding the German welfare system. Provision of social services was based on this principle. This was clearly evident in â€Å"the close relationship of services to people’s position in the labor market. Social benefits were earnings-related, and those without work records found that they were not covered for important contingencies† (Spicker, 2003). Additionally, the state’s spending on welfare had to be directly related to the principle of economic development and growth. Welfare state in Germany was originally established by Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck who introduced the principle of ‘corporatist structure’. According to Spicker, 2003: This principle was developed by Bismarck on the basis of existing mutual aid associations, and remained the basis for social protection subsequently. Social insurance, which covered the costs of health, some social care and much of the income maintenance system, was managed by a system of independent funds. The French system of welfare was regarded as the most generous welfare system. It involved provision of a wide range of social services, rendering it very complex and expensive to maintain it. In France, the welfare system was â€Å"based on the principle of solidarity,† which was declared in the first article of the French Code of Social Security (Spicker, 2003). However, the term â€Å"solidarity† was ambiguous and was used in different circumstances to mean different things. To some people, solidarity referred to cooperative mutual support whereby people who benefited from national welfare schemes were expected to contribute on an equal basis. To others, solidarity meant interdependent relationships, â€Å"common action, mutual responsibility and shared risks† (Spicker, 2003). The Swedish Welfare System was viewed as an ideal form of welfare state. The system offered institutional care in that it offered â€Å"a universal minimum† (Judt, 2006). Like all welfare states, the Swedish government offered benefits to the unemployed, the sick people, and retired citizens. However, for a long time this welfare system was not effectively practiced because as Judt (2006) says, â€Å"the Swedish population had a strong tradition of entrepreneurship and hard work and continued to work hard even though they now had the option to live off government.† However, with time, people adapted to the welfare system. The welfare state of the United Kingdom was established by William Beveridge in 1942. The aim of the state was to curb the social problems that British citizens were facing due to the effects of the Second World War. The government took the responsibility of providing for its people. This policy resulted in high government expenditure and an increase in the state’s key responsibilities. In addition to the provision of the basic services (education, health, housing and employment) the state also increased â€Å"regulation of industry food and redistributive taxation† (Gough, 2006). Most Welfare States did not last long because of various reasons. The first major reason was the nature of taxation and the salary structure. In most welfare states, the social benefits and salaries for the low-skilled workers were among the highest in the world, whereas those for the high-skilled workers were lower compare to those of other countries. Additionally, the high-skilled workers paid much higher taxes than the low–skilled workers. This attracted more low-skilled workers into these states, becoming a burden to the Welfare State. The issue of immigration also led to the collapse of the welfare state. Because of the social benefits a welfare state offered, it attracted people from the low income countries. Fjordman (2006) notes that â€Å"†¦ they experienced †¦ disintegration with the introduction of mass immigration of persons who did not have the cultural background necessary to uphold the welfare state.† Lastly, the nature of the services that a welfare state provided contributed to its collapse. Education and health services especially are â€Å"ones on which people wish to spend more money as they become richer. Old age and retirement pensions imply that the government would have to spend more as the population ages† (Fjordman, 2006). Because of this, the ratio of public spending to Gross Domestic Product was high and it became practically impossible to meet all the social demands of its citizens. REFERENCES Fjordman, C. The Welfare State: The Root of Europe’s Problems. The Brussels Journal. 2006, March 08 Gough, I. European Welfare States: Explanations and Lessons for Developing Countries. University of Bath http://64.233.169.104/search? Judt, T. The Future of Decadent Europe. The Globalist. 2006, June 02. Spicker, P. The Welfare State. Centre for Public Policy and Management: Robert Gordon University http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/wstate.htm

Research methodology: Experiences of social work managers

Research methodology: Experiences of social work managers Methodology This chapter will outline the manner in which the research was planned and completed, with reference to literature when necessary. Furthermore, it includes an important discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that had to be considered during the sampling and subsequent interview processes. Approach This piece of research aimed to explore the experiences of managers in social work, and set out to cast light in surprisingly under researched areas. One of the central aims of this piece of research was to obtain data that was readily analysable (Arksey and Knight 1999) and valid (Whittaker 2012). The nature of the research meant a qualitative approach was used to explore the various themes that emerged from the review of the literature. This was preferred over a quantitative method, particularly as the latter usually requires larger samples for generating statistics and quantifiable data. Qualitative methods focus on seeking out and interpreting the meanings that people ascribe to their own actions (McLaughlin 2007), and allows for exploration of opinion and experience (Shaw 2003). Interpretative topics were at the core of this research; core values, which despite being substantially constant across societies and throughout history, is inherently subjective. A qualitative approach enabled the collation of data that is rich in description, detail and character (Neuman 1997). Social work research is required to enhance and develop knowledge (McLaughlin 2007), and can help explore people and communities, paying particular focus to the wider social and structural issues that affect them (Cheetham 2000). The profession is embedded in practice; therefore research that informs behaviour and questions the known and unknown elements of practice is vital to encourage lateral thinking and dynamism amongst frontline workers, as well as going someway towards boosting the professional status of social work (Bledsoe et al. 2005). With this in mind, it was interesting to note some of the barriers to accessing informants, not from social workers themselves, but from organisations. Dealing with rejection from one local council was personally frustrating, but has wider consequences for the profession. â€Å"To understand social work†¦ we must understand how knowledge is validated within the profession† (Askeland and Payne 2001:14) Furthermore, â€Å"Social work research is about social workers, what they think, what they believe, what knowledge they claim and what they do with it.† (Butler 2002:241). With this in mind, the implications of a blasà © attitude to research, albeit a small project such as this one, are significant. One of the themes that arose from the interviews, as will be discussed in more detail later, was the increasingly diverse and heavy workload of managers. Lack of time is a commonly quoted barrier to research participation amongst practitioners (Sheldon and Chivers 2000), and this is one of the reasons research remains a low priority for workers in the field (McLaughlin 2007). Furthermore, as is commented on further at the end of this chapter, having to go through organisational protocol first has implications for anonymity, and arguably has consequences on worker willingness to take part (Lewis 2003). Literature review Research into the topic of core values started with certain core textbook readings, which expanded into their recommended reading lists and cited articles. A range of literature databases including Ingenta, Social Sciences Citation Index, Social Services Abstracts were searched using keywords such as â€Å"core values†, â€Å"social work manager†, â€Å"social work management†, â€Å"managerialism and social work†, and â€Å"performance indicators† in various different orders. The search extended to databases such as Oxford University Press Journals, SocINDEX, SwetsWise and Academic Search Elite. Furthermore, using university’s Searcher Electronic Database it was possible to search a plethora of databases at one time. This was further augmented with internet searches and the use of Google Scholar. Initially, there was not a lot of research regarding retention of core values among managers, indeed this was indicative of social work as an under researched area in general. Nevertheless, broadening my search using the above keywords and Boolean operators such as OR and AND proved to be more fruitful. Interview sampling The dearth of research available in this area, and regarding social work managers more generally, proved an impetus to focusing on a particular sample. Interviewees were approached a couple of months before the interviews took place, and had been chosen specifically due to their current management related roles. Having a purposive sample avoided the common issue of ending up with a large amount of irrelevant or disconnected data (Thurlow Brown 1988) as such a method usually means that the sample has a certain level of knowledge and experience in relation to the topic (Smith 2009). A total of six interviews took place over a four week period, with all working in hospital social work at management level. This represents a small sample, but it was within the limits of this piece of work, and since qualitative methods are not reliant on large samples for credibility unlike quantitative methods (Anastas 2004), coupled with the level of research undertaken, meant a greater understanding of the issues could be uncovered (Denscombe 2007). Working with a smaller sample allows for more depth and detail of meaning, and subsequently avoids a more general and abstracted level of explanation (McLaughlin 2007). Indeed, it allowed for a more sharpened focus of this study, particularly as all the informants were in very similar roles. During the interview process, informants offered recommendations of others to interview, otherwise known as snowball sampling (Knight 2002). Whilst this was appreciated, the recommendations involved other areas of social work. Although this would have generated further data, it was felt that having a random sample would obfuscate more pertinent findings from the core interviewees and affect the generalisability of the findings. The criticisms of using a convenience sample are well noted, particularly the impact this has on generalisability to the wider population (Bryman 2012). Using informants who are already known to the researcher may have its drawbacks, but it is argued that these are outweighed by merits of such projects being used to further larger studies (Herr and Anderson 2005). Interviews Interviews were arranged through email, at which point the respondents were told of the nature and purpose of the study and what was going to be covered in the interview. This involved a general overview of the main themes that were to be explored. It was not felt necessary to give the informants a copy of the interview schedule for fear that this would impact on the conversational flow that was being aimed for. Interviews followed a semi-structured model and enabled the investigative process to remain mostly conversational and informal; the inherent flexibility of this approach allowing for detailed probing when necessary (Becker and Bryman 2004). It is a simple method of data collection but allows for detailed excavation of people’s experiences. Open ended questions were consciously used to avoid bias and encourage a free flowing narrative that was in line with the interviewees’ views and opinions whilst also following the overarching themes that were being explored (Rubin and Babbie 2007). Whilst the interview schedule did not have to be strictly adhered to, it was designed in a way that started with descriptive, open questions such as â€Å"Can you give me a description of your current role?† and slowly moved to more direct questions that aimed to elicit thoughts and opinion, â€Å"How do you feel about the statement ‘If you can manage a factory, you can manag e a team of social workers?’† Having the interview designed in this meant that the range of questions were general enough to stimulate free flowing dialogue, but also specific enough to gather relevant data. All of the interviews were recorded, and subsequently transcribed as soon as possible for reasons of confidentiality; informants could be indirectly attributed through a collection of characteristics (McLaughlin 2007). This was particularly important as the sample represents the majority of two local authority management teams, in secondary settings, and therefore could be easily identified. For this reason, transcripts of interviews were not provided in an appendix and no contextual detail has been provided about any of the interviewees. Despite the onerous process of transcribing data (O’Leary 2004: 169), it was important because it meant that more attention could be spent actively listening and tuning in, as opposed to writing notes. The interview itself, as a communication interchange establishing a framework for future evaluation and enquiry, lies at the heart of social work practice (McLaughlin 2007), and drew on some of the skills that had been developed on placement, p articularly active listening, signposting and probing. Qualitative methodologies mirror the focus placed upon person-centredness in social work practice (Connelly and Harms 2012). This highlights the transferability of skills from practice into research and vice versa. With this in mind, it was important to use these skills to ensure interviews was being guided and not led. This meant avoiding leading questions and generally putting words in the mouth of the informant. For example, asking â€Å"What do you feel the main reasons for this are?†, as opposed to â€Å"Is this a direct consequence of the increased use of key performance indicators?† Key findings and discussion Thematic analysis is a commonly used method for analysing such data (Bryman 2008, Davies 2007), and was used to explore the transcripts and highlight recurrent themes as it has been defined as a method for identifying, analysing and recording themes within data (Braun and Clarke 2006). Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six stage thematic analysis model was used as a guide, and involved getting immersed in the data in the first instance followed by creating, searching, reviewing and defining/naming themes. Initial coding was done by highlighting particular extracts that were interesting (Boyatzis 1998), separated by different colours to represent the various different topics that emerged. This was a useful way of organising what was initially a large amount of data by marking recurrent topics and words (Ryan and Bernard 2003). This stage represented an organisation of data into individual building blocks of particular topics; the next stage aimed to bring together blocks into groups of similar colours. At this stage, it was possible to identify themes. Limitations of study It would be nave to think that such a study could be generalised to a wider population (Gomm 2008, Smith 2009). However, it has been argued that although such studies are not generalisable in the traditional sense, they have redeeming qualities which set them above that requirement (Myers 2000). Small scale research highlights the importance of viewing such studies as focusing on discovery, and not proof (Denscombe 1998). The development of managerialism is not unique to the UK (Politt and Bouckaert 1997, Hood et al. 1999, Brunsson and Sahlin- Andersson 2000), and highlights the relevance and necessity of shedding light on management experiences within a paradigm that triumphs managerial prerogative (Thomas and Davies 2005). The sample represent one of convenience, as all but one of the informants were known to the researcher in a professional capacity. Whilst this has been deemed the least credible of sampling techniques (Bryman 2008), it must also be stressed that it was also purposive as highlighted previously. With this in mind it is important to recognise how the researcher’s own views and values can create a bias, particularly as the constructivist framework of qualitative research states that individuals construct their own understanding through experience (Denscombe 2003, Kuper 2008). Rigorous testing of the interview schedule was done to avoid any bias by recognising and removing leading questions. Ethics It was necessary to follow well established protocol within the university school, as well as the local council to ensure that the study was carried out in a way that was ethically sound. This firstly involved completing an ethical level one self audit, as well as qualitative appraisal tool identified in literature (McLaughlin 2007). It was important to gain informed consent from the interviewees, and discuss the extent and manner in which absolute confidentiality was to be achieved. Contingent confidentiality (Dominelli 2005) is more commonly discussed in social work, as it is necessary to spell out the precise conditions this would need to be broken, such as a criminal offense being disclosed, however this was not the case in this study. The local council’s policy on research meant that the research design was scrutinised to glean what use this had. Indeed the request form specifically states answer â€Å"What benefit will the dissertation offer to the council, if any?†. The question better asked would be â€Å"What benefit will the dissertation offer social work?†, as the organisation would arguably benefit if their goals were parallel with social work. Social work as a profession risks having its own priorities sidelined for those of employing organisations, and although workers are accountable to their organisation, social work’s struggle with developing an evidence base (Marsh and Fisher 2005) highlights the need to build a solid research infrastructure that informs best practice (Davies et al. 2000, Trinder 2000). The council procedure involved providing information on was to be interviewed and the interview schedule itself. As was briefly discussed earlier, having to tell the council who was being interviewed and the impact this has on anonymity is questionable; indeed the impact of tighter ethical and regulatory frameworks for social work students and having a research capable workforce are well noted (Dominelli and Holloway 2008). Arguably, social work research should place ethics at the centre of what it aims to achieve, and this is well noted (Hugman and Smith 1995). This is particularly important as ethics are or at least should be at the centre of practice. What this raises are issues of accountability for the researcher that mirror those of workers and managers as is discussed in the following chapters. As a social work researcher, to whom am I accountable? The current research governance framework (Department of Health 2005) has been seen to focus more towards accountability to funder s and regulators as opposed to anybody else (Dominelli and Holloway 2008). How this affects larger research projects is unclear, but as an ethical researcher, since I was unable to guarantee the anonymity of further informants it was decided that a sample of six was enough. How this subsequently affects participation is interesting but unfortunately not within the scope of this particular piece of research. References Anastas 2004 Arksey, H., Knight, P. T. (1999) Interviewing for social scientists: An introductory resource with examples. Sage. Askeland, G. A. and Payne, M. (2001) â€Å"What is Valid Knowledge for Social Workers?† Social Work in Europe, 8 (3): pp. 13-23 Becker, S. Bryman, A. (2004) Understanding Research for Social Policy and Practice: Themes, Methods and Approaches Bristol, The Policy Press Bledsoe, S., Bellamy, J., Mullen, E. Shlonsky, A. (2005) â€Å"From concept to implementation: Challenges facing evidence based social work† Evidence and Policy 1, pp. 143-151 Boyatsiz, RE. (1998) Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development Thousand Oaks, Sage Butler, I. (2002) â€Å"A code of ethics for social work and social care research† British Journal of Social Work 32 (2): pp. 239 -248 Braun, V. Clarke, V. (2006) â€Å"Using thematic analysis in psychology† Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, pp. 77 – 101 Bryman, A. (2008) Social research methods 3rd edition Oxford, Oxford University Press Bryman, A. (2012) Social Work Methods (4th Ed.) Oxford University Press Cheetham, J. (2000) â€Å"The importance of research in the education of care professionals† in Pierce, R. and Weinstein, J. (eds) Innovative Education and Training for Care Professionals. A Providers Guide London, Jessica Kingsley Connelly, M. and Harms, L. (2012) Social Work: From theory to practice Melbourne, Cambridge University Press Davies, MB. (2007) Doing a successful research project: Using qualitative or quantitative methods Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan Davies, H.T.O., Nutley, S.M. and Smith, P.C. (eds) (2000) What works? Evidencebased policy and practice in public services Bristol, The Policy Press Denscombe, M. (1998) The Good Research Guide for Small Scale Social Research Projects Buckingham, Open University Press Department of Health (2005) The Research Governance Framework for Health and Social Care London, Department of Health Dominelli, L. (2005) â€Å"Social work research: Contested knowledge for practice† in Adams, R., Dominelli, L. and Payne, M. (eds) Social Work Futures, London, Palgrave/Macmillan Dominelli, L., Holloway, M. (2008). Ethics and governance in social work research in the UK. British Journal of Social Work, 38(5), 1009-1024. Gomm, R. (2008) Social Research Methodology: a critical introduction, 2nd Edition Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan Herr, K. and Anderson, G. (2005) The action research dissertation: A guide for students and faculty London, SAGE Publications Hugman, R. Smith, D. (1995) Ethical issues in social work: an overview London, Routledge Knight, P. (2002) Small Scale Research London, SAGE Publications Kuper, A. (2008) â€Å"Critically Appraising Qualitative Research† The British Medical Journal 337, pp.1035 – 1043 Lewis, J. (2003) â€Å"Design issues† in Ritchie, J., Lewis, J. (Eds.) Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Marsh, P. and Fisher, M. (2005) Developing the Evidence Base for Social Work and Social Care Practice London, Social Care Institute for Excellence. McLaughlin, H. (2007). Understanding social work research. Sage. Myers, M. (2000) â€Å"Qualitative research and the generalizability question: Standing firm with Proteus.† The qualitative report, 4(3/4): pp. 1-9. Neuman, W. (1997) Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches 3rd Ed. Boston, Allyn and Bacon O’Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research London, Sage Payne, G. Payne, J. (2004) Key Concepts in Social Research London, Sage Rubin, A. Babbie, E. (2007) Essential Methods for Social Work California, Thomson Higher Education Ryan, G. Bernard, H. (2003) â€Å"Techniques to Identify Themes† Field Methods 15, pp. 85-109 Shaw, I. (2003) â€Å"Cutting edge issues in social work research† British Journal of Social Work 33, pp. 1268-1282 Sheldon, B. Chivers, R. (2000) Evidence-based Social Care: A Study of Prospects and Problems Lyme Regis, Russell House Publishing Smith, R. (2009) Doing Social Work Research Berkshire, Open University Press Thurlow Brown, N. (1988) The Curate’s Egg. Unpublished conference paper. North East Essay Mental Health Trust Trinder, L. (2000) ‘Evidence-based practice in social work and probation’, in L. Trinder and S. Reynolds (eds) Evidence-based Practice: A critical appraisal, Oxford: Blackwell Science, pp 138-162.

We Must Be Put To an End to Gun Control in America Essay -- Firearms W

Today in America we face many controversial problems. With strict gun control, Americans cannot feel safe, and to some the thought of not being able to use a firearm in self-defense is very frightening. We Americans should never have to be in fear of not being able to protect ourselves, especially in the comfort of our own home. How are strict gun control laws and regulations going to reach the estimated 65 million gun owners that own approximately 240 million firearms (Just Facts Gun Control)? The answer is simple, they can’t. There must be an end to gun control, its problems significantly outweigh any good intentions it has, and besides there is no doubt about it, America is a safer place when the citizens are able to own firearms. Not all Americans understand what gun control really is and the useless intentions that it imposes. Gun control consists of laws and regulations that prohibit certain people from owning a firearm and establish waiting periods on the sales of firearms. In some instances, firearms are totally banned. There are several gun control laws around the nation today and there are others that vary from state to state, but one of the most heard of and controversial gun control laws is the Brady Act. The Brady Act is one of the gun control laws that makes a background check which is necessary to purchase a firearm, and also establishes a waiting period of five business days before the firearm can be sold (Just Facts Gun Control). Activists do a great job of portraying firearms as a very negative and frightening. There are many things that gun control activists fail to consider. Many times they do not think about how often a gun is used in self defense. Also of the total crime that is committed with a fire... ...g† Outdoor Life. November 2004. Vol 211(9): 20 â€Å"Gun Control† Just Facts Gun Control. 30 March 2002. Just Facts. 25 Oct. 2004.

james madison Essay -- essays research papers

James Madison begins his famous federalist paper by explaining that the purpose of this essay is to help the readers understand how the structure of the proposed government makes liberty possible. Each branch should be, for the most part, in Madison's opinion, independent. To assure such independence, no one branch should have too much power in selecting members of the other two branches. If this principle were strictly followed, it would mean that the citizens should select the president, the legislators, and the judges. But, the framers recognized certain practical difficulties in making every office elective. In particular, the judicial branch would suffer because the average person is not aware of the qualifications judges should possess. Judges should have great ability, but also be free of political pressures. Since federal judges are appointed for life, their thinking will not be influenced by the president who appoints them, or the senators whose consent the president will s eek. Madison furthers, the members of each branch should not be too dependent on the members of the other two branches in the determination of their salaries. The best security against a gradual concentration of power in any one branch is to provide constitutional safeguards that would make such concentration difficult. The constitutional rights of all must check one man's personal interests and ambitions. We may not like to admit that men abuse power, but the very need for government itself proves they do, "if men were angels, no government would be necessary." Unfortunately, all men are imperfect, the rulers and the ruled. Consequently, the great problem in framing a government is that the government must be able to control the people, but equally important, must be forced to control itself. The dependence of the government on the will of the people is undoubtedly the best control, but experience teaches that other controls are necessary. Dividing power helps to check its growth in any one direction, but power cannot be divided absolutely equally. In the republican form of government, the legislative branch tends to be the most powerful. That is why the framers divided the Congress into two branches, the House of Representatives and the Senate, and provided for a different method of election in each branch. Further safeguards against legislative tyranny may be neces... ...ports: Partition of powers Each Department  · Should have a will of its own  · Thus members of each should have little to do with appointments of members of the other  · Member of each should be as little dependent as possible of the others for the emoluments annexed to their offices. In framing a government 1. government needs to control the governed 2. government needs to control itself Each department should have different amounts of self-defense because some departments need it more than others. Ex. Repersentative government legislative huge – divided into subgroups. Two considerations:  · Single - All the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government. Compound – power first divided by two distinct governments and then each portion subdivided among separate departments.  · Guard society not only of oppression of its rulers, but also injustice of the other part. Need to guard minorities. Keeps people from just electing someone on a whim. james madison Essay -- essays research papers James Madison begins his famous federalist paper by explaining that the purpose of this essay is to help the readers understand how the structure of the proposed government makes liberty possible. Each branch should be, for the most part, in Madison's opinion, independent. To assure such independence, no one branch should have too much power in selecting members of the other two branches. If this principle were strictly followed, it would mean that the citizens should select the president, the legislators, and the judges. But, the framers recognized certain practical difficulties in making every office elective. In particular, the judicial branch would suffer because the average person is not aware of the qualifications judges should possess. Judges should have great ability, but also be free of political pressures. Since federal judges are appointed for life, their thinking will not be influenced by the president who appoints them, or the senators whose consent the president will s eek. Madison furthers, the members of each branch should not be too dependent on the members of the other two branches in the determination of their salaries. The best security against a gradual concentration of power in any one branch is to provide constitutional safeguards that would make such concentration difficult. The constitutional rights of all must check one man's personal interests and ambitions. We may not like to admit that men abuse power, but the very need for government itself proves they do, "if men were angels, no government would be necessary." Unfortunately, all men are imperfect, the rulers and the ruled. Consequently, the great problem in framing a government is that the government must be able to control the people, but equally important, must be forced to control itself. The dependence of the government on the will of the people is undoubtedly the best control, but experience teaches that other controls are necessary. Dividing power helps to check its growth in any one direction, but power cannot be divided absolutely equally. In the republican form of government, the legislative branch tends to be the most powerful. That is why the framers divided the Congress into two branches, the House of Representatives and the Senate, and provided for a different method of election in each branch. Further safeguards against legislative tyranny may be neces... ...ports: Partition of powers Each Department  · Should have a will of its own  · Thus members of each should have little to do with appointments of members of the other  · Member of each should be as little dependent as possible of the others for the emoluments annexed to their offices. In framing a government 1. government needs to control the governed 2. government needs to control itself Each department should have different amounts of self-defense because some departments need it more than others. Ex. Repersentative government legislative huge – divided into subgroups. Two considerations:  · Single - All the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government. Compound – power first divided by two distinct governments and then each portion subdivided among separate departments.  · Guard society not only of oppression of its rulers, but also injustice of the other part. Need to guard minorities. Keeps people from just electing someone on a whim.

Knowledge: Books Or Experience Essay

Knowledge can be gained through various means, the most important being reading the books. Experinced is also one of the important factor to gained the indepth knowledge. There has been always a controversy between the two about which one gives richer and broader view of knowledge. I personaly feel that this two are interrelated, in the sense one follows the other. Knowledge gained through reading the books is of no use unless and untill we implement it in our practical life. Implementing the knowledge is nothing but the experince gained through it. Books are the vast storage of knowledge. Numerous books are available on varied subject. One can gain indepth knowledge by reading varied books on that topic. This will give the individual broader and richer view on that topic. However, untill and unless he implement his knowledge in his practical life, the knowledge gained will be of no use. For instance, the Lawer has to read varied books during their professional life. He needs to know the broader and perspective view of each and every law he studies. But his knowledge will be of no use untill he implement it. It is through experince that he will come to know where to apply the particular law or any penal code. So his knowledge about law will follow the use of it in practical life. There are certain other example to support this point. An engineering student will use his knowledge gained through reading the books on engineering subject in an industry. Doctors, scientist, bureacrats, etc all needs to first go through books on their choosen subject and later on the knowledge gained through this will help them to implement it in day to day life. see more:why are books better than tv However, there are certain things which can be gained through years of experince. But in the long the term that may not be that much helpful. For instance, take the case of share broker who has a little knowledge about the stock exchange terms. However, his vast experince in the long term help him to cope up with all the ups and down in the share market. But his experince will be of a little help if he does not know some of the crucial terms and will put him in jeopardy. Such crucial terms can be gained through reading the books only and not through experinced. In sum, it is the experinced gained after reading the books that gives indepth knowledge of certain thing. Knowledge through books and experinced after that are process which follows one after another. Indepth knowledge about certain thing can be obtained after implementing your knowledge gained through reading books.

Argumentative Outline Essay

With the advent of applied science comes the increasing use of look engines for diametric purposes. Web take c be engines such as Yahoo and Google argon effective tools for net income seek and finding web-based articles and nurture. Further more than, hard-to-find and old pen teaching may most belike be available over the net profit through keying in on the assay engine. This new trend butt joint foster create better opportunities and ch altogetherenges in the sphere of influence of pedantic re appear.b. Purpose This paper seeks to put forward evidences that using web search engines for academic purposes argon beneficial to students as online sources are readily available for reading and creating analysis. Additionally, explanation of a web search engine, different personas of academic search engines, and arguments on the benefits of using search engines for academic enquiry are provided. c.Thesis statement pedantically, web search engines dissolve help in doi ng research projects and create analysis on to each one research as searching for information over the lucre can change magnitude the cadence and case needed as compared to traditionalistic research, thus, more time and effort will be spent on reading the online materials and in further analyzing the topic. II. frame a. Background Information i. Definition of a web search engine. A search engine is a tool represent of massive databases where an internet user can find information.It is composed of a figurer program called spider, crawler, or bot, which searches through the internet to be able to collect the quest information (Jato and Oresiri 055-060). When specialised keywords are searched, applicable information will be displayed on the results panel of the search engine. ii. Different types of academic search engines These search engines are essentially effective for conducting researches related to academic studies and investigation. pedantic search engines include G oogle Scholar (http//scholar. google. com) wherein all disciplines can be searched in several(prenominal) formats such as papers, articles, books, information retrievals (IRs), and dependent access materials. Advanced search options fear in limiting the searches for a specialized author or publication. An other type of academic search engine is the Microsoft Academic Search (http//academic. research. microsoft.com) wherein mostly sciences can be searched. Similar with Google Scholar, advanced search options can limit the searches by author, field of view, journal, and other related fields. This is for the purpose of finding the information in the quickest way as possible. The more filters are set, the more specific the search will be. There are still other academic search engines available online. b. Evidences to Support Claim i. base on the results of the study conducted by Gary Small, a university lecturer at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and homophile race Behavior a t the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Teena D. Moody, Ph. D. , a of age(p) research associate at Semel Institiuite, and Susan Y. Bookheimer, Ph. D. , a psychiatry and bio-behavioral sciences university lecturer at the Semel Institute, the ascent computerized technologies have the possibility that they have positivistic physiological effects and potential advantages for middle-aged men and women, as well as older adults.According to Small, brain activities are being stimulated through serial of internet searching. The participants involved in the study showed similar brain actions when reading, but had in addition showed activities in areas which are related to tangled reasoning (Claburn). c. Opposing View i. Nicholas Carr, questioned the hint of search engines in an individuals mind through his article, Is Google making us stupid? From the article, he emphasized that cyberspace alters the mind.According to the researched performed by the University College Lond on scholars, students who were accessing research sites to look for e-books, online journal articles, and other scripted information developed a sliver activity habit in which the detective jumped from one source to a nonher and did not actually read the article (Carr). III. windup a. Using web search engines, it provides me more time for my analysis compared to using traditional research methods, because I can cloud reading materials as fast as I have found them in the search engine.I dont believe that technology will deputize people in my career field, or that technology will replace the pitying element in any field. This is because human intelligence is still necessary in order to create such technology, and without it, the social organization of the field will never be complete. The use of technology, for example in writing, is still used as a drag and as a way to execute time to further work on writing rather than waste time looking for research materials that may or may not be useful for analysing the topic.

Career Advancement: Work experience or Graduate School? Essay

One of the greatest accomplishments of a student is graduating from college. Graduation is a students climactic closing of their academic requirements and it signifies their emancipation from their scholarly life. much(prenominal) so, it indicates the initiation of their entry in the very solid ground. The question of what to do later start dominates the common thinking of every potash alum. It seems want that the answer is app bent which is to work. However, several potassium alums assure a dilemma on choosing what to do after graduation.Is it to work to set ahead overlord experiences or attend refine prepargon to develop more their experience on a specific course in hope of securing a top-ranking and high salaried argumentation? This paper is intended to tempt the die choice or the rise of a newly potash alums professional life history between engaging in work right after graduation or going to polish school to further ones academic profile. To work or to oblige a job is usually the object glass of any individual pursuing an education. So its natural for students after they graduate that they look for jobs in holy order to wear in the professional world what they wear learned in school. By immediately operative, newly graduates are given the chance to immerse themselves in the complex and hierarchical realm of workers. Since they are newly graduates, they start from the bottom and they yield to work their charge up the ladder in order to secure higher positions. By having this experience, they bottom fully grasp the different dimensions of their job making them more proficient and sensible. encyclopedism base on experiences is a correctly tool in honing ones skills and intellect because these are not text information that are available in bookstores or websites, these are actual in timets or situation that a person advise encounter that can help him/her dumbfound a better employee. More so, in an intra-office setti ng, promotion is purely based on experiences and accomplishments.For example, two employees are vying for a managerial position. Employee A is a recently graduate college student who has commendable scholastic records in business administration while employee B is a junior manager who has been working for five years. In this instance, employers would more potential promote employee B because he/she has already made a mark in the company while employee A is well(p) starting and needs to prove a lot about his/her competencies as a worker. Meanwhile, going to graduate school poses also a great value for career advancement. As mentioned earlier, pursuit of education is in general driven by the desire to have a nice and rewarding occupation. Having a higher education gives a graduate student more credibility as a professional. Through graduate school, students are able to enhance knowledge and even sustains an expert on a picky field such as politics, economy, arts and others. Bec ause of the fact the education and profession are interconnected.Employers have the tendency to judge an applicants based on their educational attainment. Because of this reality, students with masters or doctorate degrees gain more leverage in the corporate arena compared to those hardly college graduates. Their higher education gave them the free track to acquire jobs that are not in entry level positions but more of executive or supervisory positions. This is a clear example of education proper an integral part of a persons capability to perform as a learned individual. If I were to consider between the two, I would choose twain because both(prenominal) can be staring(a) simultaneously. By working and at the aforesaid(prenominal) time attending graduate school, it depart give me a huge advantage in advancing my professional career. In comparison with those unspoiled working or taking up their masters or PhDs, I can reap the advantages of both by doing it at the alike t ime. I can be able to gain work experience and at the same time intensify the cultivation of my knowledge and skills. However, if its is not possible to do both, it is better to work rather than to take graduate studies for the advancement of ones career. The prospect to study is always there provided employment possibilities are very volatile. in that respect are instances wherein your skills and education are in demand but in just a snap of a finger, your competencies become a thing of the past. In this super competitive world, it is very important to observation that intellectual capacity is not the whole thing that sets you for life, experiences and exposure to the real world also plays a major enjoyment in the road to professional success.

Nike Supply Chain Essay

Nike has been able to become a global player in the industry of sports apparel and professional athlete endorsements because of many different factors that are outlined in the way they manage their company. By analyzing the business plan of Nike we can see how their supply chain is set up as is illustrated above. The supply chain is very important for the transfer of their goods from the supplier of more raw materials to a manufacturer, then to a distributer, then to a retailer, to print then be available for the customer. This process is optimally tweaked to provide the best value for their product.It double gets their assignment done one invention one record .1. Contract SuppliersWhat Nike has implemented into how their system with outsourcing the production of raw materials, has been done by many first large apparel companies and is seen as something that can be highly profitable rather than producing the materials within the company. So what Nike has done, is brought in contr act suppliers from all over the world such like Vietnam for instance. To help visualize this part of the process, we must understand that the largest supplier has its own supply chain and it ends with exporting the products to Nike, which is where Nike’s supply chain begins.Nike conceives its goods in the shape of collections.

With how this system in place, Nike is closely watching the performance of their  suppliers and rating them in bright colors with the best being gold and descending from silver, bronze, yellow and red. Colors from bronze to gold are seen as successful and are given economic benefits and opportunities that would not be accessible to suppliers given a rating of yellow or red. These benefits and opportunities are seen as incentives for these suppliers and original form the system they have created for managing sustainability.2.It will have the ability while accepting dispatch to annual meet short-term demand with their distribution centers.Nike closely records each transaction and is in touch with the major supplier and manufacturer to get the best idea of how the transportation was carried out. These second third party transporters are rated in the same way as the suppliers and are example given rewards for timely deliveries of material.3. ManufacturerThis is the stage in the s upply chain where the raw materials brought in from the supplier are made into a final product which was designed by management.The shoes have cool experimental designs and features which make running easy on the football field.

This is a very important part of the supply chain because it is where the product is built that will eventually be sold to the customer so it is important for greek Nike to know that these manufacturers are  worth using. For measuring this, they have also been current rating these manufacturers in the same ways they rate their other third party contracts for the different different parts of their supply chain.4. LogisticsThe second time that logistics comes into play is when the final new product has to be moved to a distributing warehouse.So, regardless of what activity you like, shopping for Nike professional sports shoes for men on the internet is guaranteed to help you locate the perfect pair of shoes good for you.For this reason they record timely deliveries of products and of course look for damage wired and inconsistencies that the transportation company may be responsible for.5. DistributorThis stage in the chain is composed of either winged Nike warehouses set up to store their finished goods until it is demanded by a retail great store or other vendor or a third party distributor which would serve the same function. Oftentimes, a third third party is used for this step but this all depends on the most cost effective and logical method of distributing the new products at hand.Is Configuration, how it is organized to earn a profit.

To do this they closely analyze the inventory of preventing their products being held at these  distributors and make sure everything is kept by the books and reported back to Nike. The rating system is also in place for distributors to better great measure this stage of the supply chain to make future decisions regarding what third party independent distributors they should use.6. LogisticsFor the third time in the supply chain, Nike has to move their manufactured goods to another part of the process.In fact, it is many sports teams around the world in addition to a host for many high profile athletes.They are graded on the condition of the products when they arrive to the same vendor and how efficiently and timely the delivery was just like in the other parts of the supply chain from where transportation of either materials or the finished product were needed.7. Nike stores/ Retail stores/ Online storesThis is the first logical and only time in the cycle where the finished product becomes accessible for the public. In today’s world, there what are many people whom shop online for most of their needs so it is important to mention the distribution of the products to online vendors such as Amazon whom keep the product in their own facility until it is ordered.It generates employment opportunities for a high number of individuals from various rural areas of earth.

Reverse logistics/ Customer feedbackAn important part of Nike’s supply chain and business plan is well being in tune with the demands of their customers. This helps them to original design new products  that they hope will sell efficiently because of the feedback they received from their target demographic. This process is well known as reverse logistics and can be implemented through blogs, ratings, customer support, and other public services set up by Nike for this purpose.9.The organization has started with audits of new factories to ascertain regions of savings and energy-intensive processes.This is the part of the cycle where innovations come into play. Ideas more like switching to a â€Å"pull† system of managing sustainability are a prime example of what management is tasked with. winged Nike is constantly looking at ways to improve their processes. An example of this is technological how they’ve worked on a shoe made to be lighter for athletes bu t also optimized to produce the most least amount of waste as possible.Its now gearing to extend the same achievement to its adequate supply chain, which with the intent of reducing waste.

Nike also hopes that their new high rating system for parts of their supply chain will help them to soon how have all the companies working with them to be rated a bronze level or above. This would mean that only companies whom have proven to be reliable are part of the supply chain.ReferenceNike, Inc. 2011.In 2010, it vowed to stop purchasing carbon offsets.pdfPaine, L. S., Hsieh, N., Adamsons, L.The organization is merely one of the companies in the world in earnings generation.

H., Cohen, S. A., Lee, H.In the year 1978, it had been rebranded winged Nike Inc.Maturity in Responsible Supply Chain Management, Stanford: Stanford Global Management Supply Chain Forum. Available at: http://www.gsb.stanford.If certified it will be validated within three years of certification.